"The ENP cannot be accepted as an adequate basis for EU-Ukrainian relations", Ukraine ambassador Roman Shpek said at the conference.

Designed with the objective of offering EU neighbours closer – or privileged – cooperation with the bloc, the ENP does not offer EU membership – something clearly underlined by Germany.

"The ENP is a separate issue from EU membership. It doesn't open any doors", German state minister Gunter Gloser stated.

Newer member states took up Ukraine's side, however. Poland - one of Kiev's most loyal allies within the EU, underlined both Ukraine and Moldova's European identity and the fact that the ENP should not stop European countries from "pursuing [their] EU ambitions".

"I think that countries like Ukraine, probably Moldova have a genuine legitimate right to pursue this special path", Polish foreign minister Anna Fotyga said.

"We have to keep the door open, even if it's on the long term", Hungarian foreign minister Kinga Goncz added.

Criticism from within

Some of the strongest criticisms of the policy from within the EU came from Spanish foreign minister Miguel Angel Moratinos.

"We need to get beyond the rather limited framework in which we operate with our neighbours. I think the ENP needs to have a genuine political dimension. It cannot be limited to a mix of different instruments", he said.

As with France, which recently proposed a Mediterranean Union, Spain's focus is much more on the states neighbouring Europe's southern borders.

But beyond their differences in priorities and views, most participants seemed to agree that cooperation between the EU and its neighbours should be increased in energy security and that more should be done on trade liberalisation.

In addition, many neighbouring countries said they wanted more progress on visa facilitation making it possible for certain categories of people – businessmen and students for instance – to enter the EU more easily.

For its part, the European Commission proposed a new system of so-called Mobility Partnerships, making it easier for non-EU nationals to legally work in the EU. Countries such as Algeria and Morocco stressed the positive aspects of migration, saying it should not be seen exclusively as a threat.

EU should be a player, not simply a payer

Representatives of the civil society, academics and the media from the neighbouring countries were also present at the conference and gave their opinions and ideas during workshops in the afternoon.

Professor Lena Kolarska-Bobinska, director of the Warsaw-based Institute of Public Affairs, said she often heard that "the EU is a payer, not a player" during her stay in the Middle East.

She said the EU could change this by introducing certain conditions - such as reforms of the judiciary system - in exchange for aid.

"In many places expectations are high about a more important role of the EU", she said. "The EU has the instruments, but it has to have courage and not to be ashamed to be an actor".

The European Neighbourhood Policy covers 16 countries – Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Egypt, Georgia, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Moldova, Morocco, the Palestinian Authority, Syria, Tunisia and Ukraine.