European press freedom charter launched

The charter, while having no legal teeth and being largely a symbolic document, should begin to have some effect at the point of accession to the EU, as it is intended to be made a condition of entry for EU candidate countries in future accession negotiations.

"[The commission does] not have a direct competence to make the charter legally binding," said Ms Reding, "but the journalists will give the charter to the politicians, who will have to see that the charter is applied in real terms."

The ten-article charter requires, amongst other assurances, that journalism in all media be "free of persecution, repression and of political interference by government."

The charter is an initiative of the Stern editor, Hans-Ulrich Joerges, Ms Reding and other editors-in-chief of European newspapers and originated during a discussion between the commission and the newspapers in 2007.

The publishers and the commission meet on an annual basis to discuss sectoral concerns.

"The charter's main concern is at last to unify Europe journalistically and to enable all our colleagues to invoke its principles if press freedom is violated," said Mr Joerges at the launch in Brussels alongside Ms Reding.

Some 150 prominent journalists from 28 European states have signed the document, but all journalists are encouraged to do so at the document's online home.

In March, the Open Society Institute's media programme - a pressure group focussing on media freedom in emerging democracies - criticised the European Commission in a report that argued that broadcasting across Europe, particularly in the east but also in Italy, is undergoing a "counter-reformation" - a backsliding towards overt political control after the post-Cold War period, when leaders relaxed their grip on TV and radio.

The report also found that many public broadcasters are heading into the economic crisis deeply underfunded and unable to meet public service requirements, while political elites are returning to appointing partisan allies to key positions, secure in the knowledge that no penalties from the EU await them for doing so.

The European Commission came in for criticism for not holding new EU member states to account after promises concerning media freedom were made ahead of accession.

"The commission has notably failed to keep the new states to their compacts for the media that they made as a condition of entry," the report said.

Ms Reding, herself a former reporter, said the charter was inspired by complaints from eastern journalists about the undermining of press freedoms.

"About the eastern press in general," continued Ms Reding, adding "and Italy" visibly reluctantly after a reporter's prompt, "the eastern press was the basis for this. Journalists from the eastern press really told us horror stories about how they cannot exercise their job as a journalist any more."

The OSI report at the time described the situation in Italy as "a dark farce."

Already the owner of 90 percent of Italy's commercial broadcasters, Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi influences the public broadcaster RAI as well.

Under his third premiership, according to the report, "the appointment of its board followed the usual political logic, with the result that strategic decisions reflected political affiliation."

"Italian deputies have ... grown accustomed to see their control over RAI as a natural prerogative," the document continues.

Speaking to EUobserver, Mr Joergens said that he shares OSI's concerns about Italy.

"It's noticeable that only one journalist from Italy, from Corriere della Sera, signed the charter. The situation in Italy should be as much a concern as in the east."